Fannie Mae

December 2007

Fannie Mae

Fannie Mae - Federal National Mortgage Association

The Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA) (NYSE: FNM), commonly known as Fannie Mae, is a government sponsored enterprise (GSE) of the United States government. As a GSE, it is a privately-owned corporation authorized to make loans and loan guarantees. It is not backed or funded by the U.S. government, nor do the securities it issues benefit from any explicit government guarantee or protection.

This secondary mortgage market helps to replenish the supply of lendable money for mortgages and ensures that money continues to be available for new home purchases. The name “Fannie Mae” is a creative acronym-portmanteau of the company’s full name that has been adopted officially for ease of identification.

The government established Fannie Mae in order to expand the flow of mortgage funds in all communities, at all times, under all economic conditions, and to help lower the costs to buy a home.

In 1968, Fannie Mae was rechartered by Congress as a shareholder-owned company, funded solely with private capital raised from investors on Wall Street and around the world.

Fannie Mae has a unique duty to the public it serves — and the private investors that fuel its service — to be a model company focused on service, reliability, and value.

Fannie Mae History

Fannie Mae was originally founded as a government agency in 1938 as part of Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s New Deal to provide liquidity to the mortgage market. For the next 30 years, Fannie Mae held a virtual monopoly on the secondary mortgage market in the United States.

In 1968, to help balance the federal budget, Fannie Mae was converted into a private corporation. Fannie Mae ceased to be the guarantor of government-issued mortgages, and that responsibility was transferred to the new Government National Mortgage Association (Ginnie Mae).

Fannie Mae Business

Fannie Mae’s primary method for making money is by charging a guarantee fee on loans that they have securitized into mortgage-backed security bonds. Investors, or purchasers of Fannie Mae MBSs, are willing to let Fannie Mae keep this fee in exchange for assuming the credit risk, that is, Fannie Mae’s guarantee that the principal and interest on the underlying loan will be paid regardless of whether the borrower actually repays.

Fannie Mae receives no direct government funding or backing, and it has looser restrictions placed on its activities than normal financial institutions. For example, it is allowed to sell mortgage-backed securities with half as much capital backing them up as would be required of other financial institutions.

Fannie Mae securities carry no government guarantee of being repaid. This is explicitly stated in the law that authorizes GSEs, on the securities themselves, and in many public communications issued by Fannie Mae. Despite this, there is a wide perception that these notes carry an implied government guarantee, and the vast majority of investors believe that the government would prevent them from defaulting on their debt. Whether the federal government would bail out Fannie Mae in the event of insolvency is a hypothesis that has never been tested.

Neither the certificates nor payments of principal and interest on the certificates are guaranteed by the United States government. The certificates do not constitute a debt or obligation of the United States or any of its agencies or instrumentalities other than Fannie Mae.

Alan Greenspan and Ben Bernanke have spoken publicly in favor of greater regulation of the GSEs, due to the size of their holdings and the public belief in a government guarantee that does not exist.

Conforming Loans

Fannie Mae (along with Freddie Mac) annually sets the limit of the size of a conforming loan based on the October to October changes in mean home price, above which a mortgage is considered a non-conforming jumbo loan. The GSEs only buy loans that are conforming, to repackage into the secondary market, making the demand for non-conforming loans lower. By virtue of the laws of supply and demand, then, it is harder for lenders to sell the loans, thus it would cost more to the consumers (typically 1/4 to 1/2 of a percent.) The conforming loan limit is 50 percent higher in Alaska, Hawaii, Guam and the US Virgin Islands.